AI Systems Have Three Layers, Not Two
Production AI requires not only a model and a software system, but a reliable boundary that translates uncertain model outputs into usable software state.
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Essays and technical notes on building AI systems, studying intelligence, and turning research ideas into products.
Interaction Understanding: The Missing Layer for Physical AI
The physical world is not a collection of isolated objects. It is a stream of interactions. Interaction tracking is the right abstraction for Physical AI, yet it remains absent as a first-class perception target.
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